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Mohammed & Charlemagne Revisited: The History of a ControversyDuring the 1920s Belgian historian Henri Pirenne came to an astonishing conclusion: the ancient classical civilization, which Rome had established throughout Europe and the Mediterranean world, was not destroyed by the Barbarians who invaded the western provinces in the fifth century, it was destroyed by the Arabs, whose conquest of the Middle East and North Africa terminated Roman civilization in those regions and cut off Europe from any further
During the 1920s Belgian historian Henri Pirenne came to an astonishing conclusion: the ancient classical civilization, which Rome had established throughout Europe and the Mediterranean world, was not destroyed by the Barbarians who invaded the western provinces in the fifth century, it was destroyed by the Arabs, whose conquest of the Middle East and North Africa terminated Roman civilization in those regions and cut off Europe from any further trading and cultural contact with the East. According to Pirenne, it was only in the mid-seventh century that the characteristic features of classical life disappeared from Europe, after which time the continent began to develop its own distinctive and somewhat primitive medieval culture. Pirenne's findings, published posthumously in his Mohammed et Charlemagne (1937), were even then highly controversial, for by the late nineteenth century many historians were moving towards a quite different conclusion: namely that the Arabs were actually a civilizing force who rekindled the light of classical learning in Europe after it had been extinguished by the Goths, Vandals and Huns in the fifth century. And because Pirenne went so diametrically against the grain of this thinking, the reception of his new thesis tended to be hostile. Paper after paper published during the 1940s and '50s strove to refute him. The most definitive rebuttal however appeared in the early 1980s. This was Mohammed, Charlemagne and the Origins of Europe, by English archaeologists Richard Hodges and David Whitehouse. These, in common with Pirenne's earlier critics, argued that classical civilization was already dead in Europe by the time of the Arab conquests, and that the Arabs arrived on the scene as civilizers rather than destroyers. Hodges and Whitehouse claimed that the latest findings of archaeology fully supported this view, and their work was highly influential. So influential indeed that over the next three decades Pirenne and his thesis was progressively sidelined, so that recent years have seen the publication of dozens of titles in the English language alone which fail even to mention his name. In Mohammed and Charlemagne Revisited historian Emmet Scott reviews the evidence put forward by Hodges and Whitehouse, as well as the more recent findings of archaeology, and comes to a rather different conclusion. For him, the evidence shows that classical civilization was not dead in Europe at the start of the seventh century, but was actually experiencing something of a revival. Populations and towns were beginning to grow again for the first time since this second century - a development apparently attributable largely to the spread of Christianity. In addition, the real centres of classical civilization, in the Middle East, were experiencing an unprecedented Golden Age at the time, with cities larger and more prosperous than ever before. Excavation has shown that these were destroyed thoroughly and completely by the Arab conquests, with many never again reoccupied. And it was precisely then, says Scott, that Europe's classical culture also disappeared, with the abandonment of the undefended lowland villas and farms of the Roman period and a retreat to fortified hilltop settlements; the first medieval castles. For Scott, archaeology demonstrated that the Arabs did indeed blockade the Mediterranean through piracy and slave-raiding, precisely as Pirenne had claimed, and he argues that the disappearance of papyrus from Europe was an infallible proof of this. Whatever classical learning survived after this time, says Scott, was due almost entirely to the efforts of Christian monks. The Pirenne thesis has taken on a new significance in the post 9/11 world. Scott's take on the theory will certainly ignite further and perhaps heated debate.Binding Type: Paperback
Publisher: World Encounter Institute/New English Review
Published: 01/15/2012
ISBN: 9780578094182
Pages: 272
Weight: 0.89lbs
Size: 9.00h x 6.00w x 0.61d
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4.5 ★★★★★
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Product Reviews
★★★★★ 3
I guess the smell is offputting
Size: 2-pack, Style: Duo
My dog loves chocolate stuff. But for some reason, wasn’t a huge fan of these balls. She played with them a little bit, but they’re not her favorite.
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Reviewed in the United States on December 30, 2025
★★★★★ 5
Really indestructible
Color: Yellow
As advertised. I have an obsessed 16lb mixed breed dog that has destroyed everything purchased that says indestructible. Until now... These balls really are indestructible. She loves them and plays with 2-3 at a time. Chews on them and still going. They are the size of regular tennis balls. Others are slightly smaller. These are great and bright... Mooky highly recommends.
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Reviewed in the United States on March 25, 2026
★★★★★ 5
A Dog’s REAL Best Friend!
Color: White, Color: White
This ball is truly my dog’s best friend! It is perfect especially for indoor fetch because it’s lightweight (AKA nondestructive!), has just the right amount of bounce, and cannot be torn up by mild to medium chewers. (We have a labradoodle and she isn’t much of a chewer.) It really is bite resistant, and I have a video to prove it!
Our dog loves the softness of it. We love that we can throw it around the house without it breaking anything. It almost feels like heavy duty bouncy styrofoam that cannot be picked at or bitten up. We bought the pack and are storing a couple of them for when we someday lose them here and there.
I recommend this ball to EVERYone who has a dog and likes to play fetch!
FOFOS, pick us for ads! My doggie is obsessed with your product, and I love taking pics and videos of her using it. She’s the type of dog that walks around with a ball in her mouth for fun and comfort. Think of it as her stuffed animal.
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Reviewed in the United States on December 3, 2025
★★★★★ 5
Great buy!
Color: Yellow
Dogs love them! They chew on the and the are very sturdy!
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Reviewed in the United States on April 20, 2026
★★★★★ 4
Amazingly strong
Color: White
My dog loves them, I was buying normal tennis balls but he was chewing them and splitting them these don’t break but they deteriorate if they get left outside 100% recommend just keep that in mind
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Reviewed in the United States on May 22, 2026