SKU: 39736315176

Comp Cams High Energy Alum Rocker, Sbc 1.5 7/16

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Description

Comp Cams High Energy Alum Rocker, Sbc 1.5 7/16These High EnergyT Die Cast Aluminum Roller Rocker Arms for Chevy V8 265 400 applications are perfect for street and moderate race use. With a 7 16" stud diameter and 1. 5 ratio, the die cast, larger than stock body of the rocker arms is made of aluminum for superior strength with light overall weight. High EnergyT Die Cast Aluminum Roller Rocker Arms from COMP Cams are an affordable option that feature a die cast, aluminum body with a needle bearing

These High EnergyT Die Cast Aluminum Roller Rocker Arms for Chevy V8 265-400 applications are perfect for street and moderate race use. With a 7/16" stud diameter and 1.5 ratio, the die cast, larger-than-stock body of the rocker arms is made of aluminum for superior strength with light overall weight. High EnergyT Die Cast Aluminum Roller Rocker Arms from COMP Cams® are an affordable option that feature a die cast, aluminum body with a needle bearing fulcrum and roller tip. Designed to be stiffer and more durable, these cost effective rocker arms are capable of providing added valve lift while withstanding the rigors of a performance application. Their specially engineered fulcrum and roller tip create far less friction than sliding factory models to lower oil temperatures, thus improving both response and horsepower. Snap rings are used to hold the trunion and bearings locked in place.

  • Cost effective aluminum construction provides superior strength to weight ratio
  • Needle bearing fulcrum and roller tip reduce friction and lower oil temperatures for improved response and horsepower
  • Durable design increases valve lift while withstanding the rigors of moderate race use
  • For use with up to 550 lbs of open spring pressure


Vehicle Fitments:

Year Make Model Submodel
1980 Buick Century Estate, Base, Limited, Sport
1991 - 1993 Buick Commercial Chassis Base
1980 Buick Regal Limited, Sport, Base
1991 - 1993 Buick Roadmaster Estate Wagon
1992 - 1993 Buick Roadmaster Limited, Base
1990 - 1992 Cadillac Brougham Base, d'Elegance
1992 - 1993 Cadillac Commercial Chassis Base, Brougham
1980 Cadillac Eldorado Cabriolet, Base, Biarritz
1993 Cadillac Fleetwood Brougham, Base
1980 Cadillac Seville Base, Elegante
1980 - 1982 Checker Marathon Deluxe, Base
1994 Chevrolet Blazer Base, Silverado Sport
1992 - 1993 Chevrolet Blazer Cheyenne
1987 Chevrolet Blazer Custom Deluxe
1991 - 1994 Chevrolet Blazer Nevada
1988 - 1991 Chevrolet Blazer Scottsdale
1987 - 1994 Chevrolet Blazer Silverado
1980 Chevrolet C10 Big Ten, Custom Deluxe
1980 - 1981 Chevrolet C10 Cheyenne
1981 Chevrolet C10 Deluxe
1980 - 1986 Chevrolet C10 Scottsdale, Custom, Silverado
1981 - 1986 Chevrolet C10 Suburban Custom
1980 Chevrolet C10 Suburban Custom Deluxe
1981 Chevrolet C10 Suburban Deluxe
1980 - 1986 Chevrolet C10 Suburban Silverado, Scottsdale
1990 - 1993 Chevrolet C1500 454 SS
1989 - 1995 Chevrolet C1500 Base
1988 - 1995 Chevrolet C1500 Cheyenne, Silverado
1988 - 1992 Chevrolet C1500 Scottsdale
1990 - 1995 Chevrolet C1500 WT
1992 - 1995 Chevrolet C1500 Suburban Base
1995 Chevrolet C1500 Suburban LT, LS
1992 - 1994 Chevrolet C1500 Suburban Silverado
1986 Chevrolet C20 Base
1981 - 1986 Chevrolet C20 Custom
1980 Chevrolet C20 Custom Deluxe
1981 Chevrolet C20 Deluxe
1980 - 1986 Chevrolet C20 Scottsdale, Cheyenne, Silverado
1981 - 1986 Chevrolet C20 Suburban Custom
1980 Chevrolet C20 Suburban Custom Deluxe
1981 Chevrolet C20 Suburban Deluxe
1980 - 1986 Chevrolet C20 Suburban Silverado, Scottsdale
1988 - 1995 Chevrolet C2500 Base, Silverado, Cheyenne
1993 Chevrolet C2500 Custom, 400 SS
1988 - 1992 Chevrolet C2500 Scottsdale
1994 - 1995 Chevrolet C2500 WT
1992 - 1995 Chevrolet C2500 Suburban Base
1995 Chevrolet C2500 Suburban LT, LS
1992 - 1994 Chevrolet C2500 Suburban Silverado
1980 - 1982 Chevrolet C30 Base
1980 - 1981 Chevrolet C30 Cheyenne
1981 - 1986 Chevrolet C30 Custom
1980 Chevrolet C30 Custom Deluxe
1981 Chevrolet C30 Deluxe
1980 - 1986 Chevrolet C30 Scottsdale, Silverado
1994 - 1995 Chevrolet C3500 Base
1988 - 1995 Chevrolet C3500 Cheyenne, Silverado
1988 - 1992 Chevrolet C3500 Scottsdale
1980 - 1988 Chevrolet Camaro Base
1980 - 1986 Chevrolet Camaro Berlinetta
1985 - 1990 Chevrolet Camaro Iroc-Z
1987 Chevrolet Camaro LT
1980 Chevrolet Camaro Rally Sport
1989 - 1992 Chevrolet Camaro RS
1992 Chevrolet Camaro RS Heritage Edition, Z28 Heritage Edition
1981 - 1987 Chevrolet Camaro Sport
1980 - 1992 Chevrolet Camaro Z28
1982 Chevrolet Camaro Z28 Indianapolis 500 Pace Car
1980 - 1992 Chevrolet Caprice Base
1980 - 1996 Chevrolet Caprice Classic
1986 - 1990 Chevrolet Caprice Classic Brougham
1981 - 1982 Chevrolet Caprice Classic Estate
1980 - 1981 Chevrolet Caprice Classic Landau
1993 - 1994 Chevrolet Caprice Classic LS
1987 - 1990 Chevrolet Caprice Classic LS Brougham
1991 - 1993 Chevrolet Caprice Classic LTZ
1980 Chevrolet Caprice Classic Sport
1988 Chevrolet Corvette 35th Anniversary Edition
1980 - 1991 Chevrolet Corvette Base
1982 Chevrolet Corvette Collector's Edition
1986 Chevrolet Corvette Indianapolis 500 Pace Car
1990 - 1991 Chevrolet Corvette ZR-1
1981 - 1986 Chevrolet El Camino Conquista
1980 - 1981 Chevrolet El Camino Royal Knight
1980 - 1987 Chevrolet El Camino SS, Base
1983 Chevrolet G10 Base
1981 - 1987 Chevrolet G10 Bonaventure
1980 - 1995 Chevrolet G10 Sportvan, Chevy Van, Beauville
1995 Chevrolet G20 Base
1983 - 1984 Chevrolet G20 Bonaventure
1980 - 1981 Chevrolet G20 Nomad
1980 - 1995 Chevrolet G20 Sportvan, Chevy Van, Beauville
1980 - 1996 Chevrolet G30 Beauville, Sportvan, Hi-Cube, Chevy Van
1983 - 1984 Chevrolet G30 Bonaventure
1980 - 1985 Chevrolet Impala Base
1981 - 1982 Chevrolet Impala Estate
1980 Chevrolet Impala Sport
1980 - 1981 Chevrolet K10 Cheyenne
1981 - 1986 Chevrolet K10 Custom
1980 Chevrolet K10 Custom Deluxe
1981 Chevrolet K10 Deluxe
1980 - 1986 Chevrolet K10 Silverado, Scottsdale
1981 - 1986 Chevrolet K10 Suburban Custom
1980 Chevrolet K10 Suburban Custom Deluxe
1981 Chevrolet K10 Suburban Deluxe
1980 - 1986 Chevrolet K10 Suburban Scottsdale, Silverado
1994 - 1995 Chevrolet K1500 Base
1988 - 1992 Chevrolet K1500 Scottsdale
1988 - 1995 Chevrolet K1500 Silverado, Cheyenne
1991 Chevrolet K1500 Sport
1990 - 1995 Chevrolet K1500 WT
1992 - 1995 Chevrolet K1500 Suburban Base
1995 Chevrolet K1500 Suburban LT, LS
1992 - 1994 Chevrolet K1500 Suburban Silverado
1980 - 1981 Chevrolet K20 Cheyenne
1981 - 1986 Chevrolet K20 Custom
1980 Chevrolet K20 Custom Deluxe
1981 Chevrolet K20 Deluxe
1980 - 1986 Chevrolet K20 Silverado, Scottsdale
1981 - 1986 Chevrolet K20 Suburban Custom
1980 Chevrolet K20 Suburban Custom Deluxe
1981 Chevrolet K20 Suburban Deluxe
1980 - 1986 Chevrolet K20 Suburban Silverado, Scottsdale
1994 - 1995 Chevrolet K2500 Base, WT
1988 - 1992 Chevrolet K2500 Scottsdale
1988 - 1995 Chevrolet K2500 Silverado, Cheyenne
1992 - 1995 Chevrolet K2500 Suburban Base
1995 Chevrolet K2500 Suburban LS, LT
1992 - 1994 Chevrolet K2500 Suburban Silverado
1980 - 1981 Chevrolet K30 Cheyenne
1981 - 1986 Chevrolet K30 Custom
1980 Chevrolet K30 Custom Deluxe
1981 Chevrolet K30 Deluxe
1980 - 1986 Chevrolet K30 Silverado, Scottsdale
1994 - 1995 Chevrolet K3500 Base
1988 - 1995 Chevrolet K3500 Cheyenne, Silverado
1988 - 1992 Chevrolet K3500 Scottsdale
1980 Chevrolet K5 Blazer Cheyenne, Custom Deluxe
1981 - 1986 Chevrolet K5 Blazer Custom
1981 Chevrolet K5 Blazer Deluxe
1984 Chevrolet K5 Blazer Scottsdale
1980 - 1986 Chevrolet K5 Blazer Silverado
1980 - 1983 Chevrolet Malibu Classic
1980 - 1981 Chevrolet Malibu Classic Landau, Base
1980 Chevrolet Malibu Classic Sport, Estate, Sport, Classic Estate
1981 - 1988 Chevrolet Monte Carlo Base
1983 Chevrolet Monte Carlo CL
1980 - 1981 Chevrolet Monte Carlo Landau
1986 - 1988 Chevrolet Monte Carlo LS
1980 Chevrolet Monte Carlo Sport
1983 - 1988 Chevrolet Monte Carlo SS
1987 Chevrolet R10 Scottsdale, Silverado, Custom Deluxe
1987 Chevrolet R10 Suburban Custom Deluxe
1987 - 1988 Chevrolet R10 Suburban Silverado, Scottsdale
1989 - 1991 Chevrolet R1500 Suburban Scottsdale, Silverado
1988 Chevrolet R20 Cheyenne
1987 - 1988 Chevrolet R20 Custom Deluxe, Scottsdale, Silverado
1987 Chevrolet R20 Suburban Custom Deluxe
1987 - 1988 Chevrolet R20 Suburban Scottsdale, Silverado
1989 - 1991 Chevrolet R2500 Suburban Silverado, Scottsdale
1988 Chevrolet R30 Cheyenne
1987 - 1988 Chevrolet R30 Scottsdale, Silverado, Custom Deluxe
1989 - 1990 Chevrolet R3500 Scottsdale
1989 - 1991 Chevrolet R3500 Silverado, Cheyenne
1995 Chevrolet Tahoe LT, Base, LS
1987 Chevrolet V10 Silverado, Scottsdale, Custom Deluxe
1987 Chevrolet V10 Suburban Custom Deluxe
1987 - 1988 Chevrolet V10 Suburban Silverado, Scottsdale
1989 - 1991 Chevrolet V1500 Suburban Silverado, Scottsdale
1987 Chevrolet V20 Silverado, Custom Deluxe, Scottsdale
1987 Chevrolet V20 Suburban Custom Deluxe
1987 - 1988 Chevrolet V20 Suburban Scottsdale, Silverado
1989 - 1991 Chevrolet V2500 Suburban Scottsdale, Silverado
1988 Chevrolet V30 Cheyenne
1987 - 1988 Chevrolet V30 Scottsdale, Custom Deluxe, Silverado
1989 - 1990 Chevrolet V3500 Scottsdale
1989 - 1991 Chevrolet V3500 Silverado, Cheyenne
1980 - 1986 GMC C1500 Base, High Sierra, Sierra Classic
1980 GMC C1500 Heavy Half
1980 - 1982 GMC C1500 Sierra Grande, Street Coupe
1988 - 1995 GMC C1500 Sierra SLE
1988 - 1993 GMC C1500 Sierra SLX, Sierra
1994 - 1995 GMC C1500 Sierra Special, Sierra SLT, Sierra SL
1980 - 1995 GMC C1500 Suburban Base
1980 - 1986 GMC C1500 Suburban Sierra Classic, High Sierra
1980 - 1982 GMC C1500 Suburban Sierra Grande
1992 - 1995 GMC C1500 Suburban SLE
1995 GMC C1500 Suburban SLT
1980 - 1986 GMC C2500 High Sierra, Base, Sierra Classic
1980 - 1982 GMC C2500 Sierra Grande
1988 - 1995 GMC C2500 Sierra SLE
1994 - 1995 GMC C2500 Sierra SLT, Sierra SL
1988 - 1993 GMC C2500 Sierra SLX, Sierra
1980 - 1995 GMC C2500 Suburban Base
1980 - 1986 GMC C2500 Suburban Sierra Classic, High Sierra
1980 - 1982 GMC C2500 Suburban Sierra Grande
1992 - 1995 GMC C2500 Suburban SLE
1995 GMC C2500 Suburban SLT
1980 - 1986 GMC C3500 Sierra Classic, High Sierra, Base
1980 - 1982 GMC C3500 Sierra Grande
1994 - 1995 GMC C3500 Sierra SL, Sierra SLT
1988 - 1995 GMC C3500 Sierra SLE
1988 - 1993 GMC C3500 Sierra SLX, Sierra
1981 - 1986 GMC Caballero Amarillo
1980 - 1987 GMC Caballero Base, Diablo
1981 GMC Caballero Conquista, Royal Knight
1980 GMC Caballero Laredo
1983 - 1984 GMC G1500 Rally Custom
1980 - 1995 GMC G1500 Rally STX, Vandura, Rally
1983 - 1984 GMC G2500 Rally Custom
1980 - 1995 GMC G2500 Rally STX, Rally, Vandura
1981 - 1988 GMC G3500 Rally Custom
1980 - 1996 GMC G3500 Vandura, Vandura Special, Magnavan, Rally, Rally STX, Rally Camper Special
1980 - 1991 GMC Jimmy Base
1980 - 1985 GMC Jimmy High Sierra
1980 - 1990 GMC Jimmy Sierra Classic
1986 GMC Jimmy Silverado
1980 - 1982 GMC Jimmy Street Coupe, Sierra Grande
1980 - 1986 GMC K1500 High Sierra, Base, Sierra Classic
1980 - 1982 GMC K1500 Sierra Grande
1988 - 1995 GMC K1500 Sierra SLE
1995 GMC K1500 Sierra SLS
1988 - 1993 GMC K1500 Sierra SLX, Sierra
1994 - 1995 GMC K1500 Sierra Special, Sierra SL, Sierra SLT
1993 GMC K1500 Sierra Sport
1980 - 1995 GMC K1500 Suburban Base
1980 - 1986 GMC K1500 Suburban High Sierra, Sierra Classic
1980 - 1982 GMC K1500 Suburban Sierra Grande
1992 - 1995 GMC K1500 Suburban SLE
1995 GMC K1500 Suburban SLT
1980 - 1986 GMC K2500 Base, Sierra Classic, High Sierra
1980 - 1982 GMC K2500 Sierra Grande
1988 - 1995 GMC K2500 Sierra SLE
1994 - 1995 GMC K2500 Sierra SLT, Sierra SL
1988 - 1993 GMC K2500 Sierra SLX, Sierra
1980 - 1995 GMC K2500 Suburban Base
1980 - 1986 GMC K2500 Suburban Sierra Classic, High Sierra
1980 - 1982 GMC K2500 Suburban Sierra Grande
1992 - 1995 GMC K2500 Suburban SLE
1995 GMC K2500 Suburban SLT
1980 - 1986 GMC K3500 Base, Sierra Classic, High Sierra
1980 - 1982 GMC K3500 Sierra Grande
1994 - 1995 GMC K3500 Sierra SL, Sierra SLT
1988 - 1995 GMC K3500 Sierra SLE
1988 - 1993 GMC K3500 Sierra, Sierra SLX
1987 GMC R1500 Base, High Sierra, Sierra Classic
1987 - 1991 GMC R1500 Suburban Base
1987 GMC R1500 Suburban High Sierra
1987 - 1989 GMC R1500 Suburban Sierra Classic
1990 GMC R1500 Suburban SLE
1987 - 1989 GMC R2500 Sierra Classic, High Sierra, Base
1987 - 1991 GMC R2500 Suburban Base
1987 GMC R2500 Suburban High Sierra
1987 - 1989 GMC R2500 Suburban Sierra Classic
1990 GMC R2500 Suburban SLE
1987 - 1991 GMC R3500 Base
1987 - 1989 GMC R3500 High Sierra, Sierra Classic
1990 - 1991 GMC R3500 SLE
1987 GMC V1500 Base, Sierra Classic, High Sierra
1987 - 1991 GMC V1500 Suburban Base
1987 GMC V1500 Suburban High Sierra
1987 - 1989 GMC V1500 Suburban Sierra Classic
1990 GMC V1500 Suburban SLE
1987 GMC V2500 Base, Sierra Classic, High Sierra
1987 - 1991 GMC V2500 Suburban Base
1987 GMC V2500 Suburban High Sierra
1987 - 1989 GMC V2500 Suburban Sierra Classic
1990 GMC V2500 Suburban SLE
1987 - 1991 GMC V3500 Base
1987 - 1989 GMC V3500 High Sierra, Sierra Classic
1990 - 1991 GMC V3500 SLE
1992 - 1995 GMC Yukon Base, SLE
1993 GMC Yukon GT
1995 GMC Yukon SLT
1992 - 1994 GMC Yukon Sport
1991 - 1992 Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser Base
1980 Oldsmobile Cutlass Brougham, LS, Base
1980 Oldsmobile Cutlass Calais Base
1980 - 1982 Oldsmobile Cutlass Cruiser Base
1980 Oldsmobile Cutlass Cruiser Brougham
1980 Oldsmobile Cutlass Salon Brougham, Base
1980 Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme Brougham, Base
1983 - 1986 Pontiac Bonneville Brougham, Base
1984 - 1986 Pontiac Bonneville LE
1980 - 1981 Pontiac Firebird Esprit
1980 - 1992 Pontiac Firebird Formula, Base, Trans Am
1982 - 1986 Pontiac Firebird S/E
1989 - 1992 Pontiac Firebird Trans Am GTA
1989 Pontiac Firebird Trans Am GTA SE
1980 Pontiac Grand Am Base
1980 Pontiac Grand LeMans LE, Safari, Base
1980 - 1987 Pontiac Grand Prix Base
1983 - 1987 Pontiac Grand Prix Brougham
1984 - 1987 Pontiac Grand Prix LE
1980 - 1983 Pontiac Grand Prix LJ
1980 Pontiac Grand Prix SJ
1980 Pontiac LeMans Safari, Base
1983 - 1986 Pontiac Parisienne Brougham, Base
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SKU: 39736315176

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Amazon Customer
Port Orchard, US
★★★★★ 5
Really pleasantly sour and delicious
Flavor Name: Tangerine, Watermelon, Blue Raspberry
Absolutely delicious and addictive! The sour is very sharp and the sweet is flavorful, not just sugary. I will buy these regularly.
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Reviewed in the United States on April 15, 2026
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Jville
West Palm Beach, US
★★★★★ 5
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Flavor Name: Tangerine, Watermelon, Blue Raspberry
Gosshhh these things are so good and take me right back to when I was 12 years old holy crap I can’t even remember the name of those things but we all remember them. These are they just with a different name and better I can’t believe it I’ve been searching for them since I was 15 when they disappeared. I’m writing this then going to buy more before they sell out or disappear I’m gonna stock pile not gonna get me
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Reviewed in the United States on June 1, 2026
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James E. Egolf
Houston, US
★★★★★ 5
A Clear Concise Precis of a Complex Historical Era
Format: Paperback
R.W. Southern's book titled WESTERN SOCIETY AND THE CHURCH IN THE MIDDLE AGES is a readable account of the Medieval Catholic Church from c 750 to c. 1450. Southern concisely explained the achievements, successes, and failures. According to Southern, the achievements and successes far outweighed the failures and wrong doing. Southern's book began with the special relationship between the new "barbarian" secular rulers and the Catholic clergy especially the monks and bishops. The fact that most secular rulers were not literate especially in the use of Latin, they relied on learned Catholic clergy. The Catholic clergy became crucial and both they and the secular rulers relied on each other. While Charlemagne (768-814)had a revered status as the defender of the Latin West, Southern mentioned his reliance on Catholic clergy. Charlemagne could read,but he never learned to write. He was aware of his own deficiencies and started the Palace School at Aachen where, among others, Alcuin (735-804) and other learned men expanded learning at a time called the Carolingian Renaissance. What readers should appreciate is that without Catholic clergy and monks, learning would have disappeared in Western Europe. Southern was very clear about this. The Medieval Catholic authorities faced other challenges. Long simmering feuds existed between the Byzantine Greek Orthodox Church authorities and the Latin Roman Catholic authorities. During the eighth century and again in 1054,the official reasons for tensions were the use of icons (The Iconoclastic Controversy) and the status of the Pope. As Southern wrote, these tensions were a cover for the disputes between the Italians and Byzantine Greeks over Byzantine control of parts of Italy. What the Greek Orthodox and Byzantine authorities did not want to realize was that the Latin West including the Popes were their only salvation vs. the Islamic Seljuk Turks especially after the Byzantine defeat at Manzikurt in 1071. In 1422, Pope Martin V (1417-1471)reminded the Byzantine religious and secular rulers how much they relied on the Latin West. In other words, Pope Martin V demanded concessions if the Byzantines expected help vs. the Turks. Because of the lang standing traditions the Byzantines had, they refused to face their doom which occurred in 1453. Southern's description of this dilemma was well presented. An achievement that Southern emphasized was the development of Canon Law. Increased trade, urbanization, and political power led to conflicts between secular rulers and Catholic authorities. Some of the Medieval Popes were known as "The Lawyer Popes" such as Pope Alexander III (1159-1181), especially Pope Innocent III (1198-1216), and Pope Pope Gregory IX (1227-1241). While the Popes could and sometimes used excommunication and interdict to intimidate secular rivals, the problem became acute because of too much reliance on these spiritual weapons. Not only did the Popes exert power and influence, the Catholic bishops also had considerable influence. The Cathoic bishoporics existed long befor the monastic orders and the friars. The ideal for bishops was Pope Gregory's (590-604)work titled PASTORAL CARE. Due to the bishops' position of power and status, many became too involved with poltical situations that mitigated Pope Gregory I's ideal. Bishops had to enforce discipline, show wisdom, and administer effectively. Southern mentioned some of the bishops who were effective and some who were inept. For example Bishop Odo Riguad (1247-1276) was "firm but fair." He was lenient for qualifications for those who wanted to enter Holy Orders and was reasonable, in fact kind, re reconcilation. Yet, he expected those under his authority to comply with their priestly duties. On the other hand, John Peckham who was the Archbishop of Canterbury (1279-1292)was obstinate, incompetent, and not capable for the position. After the Papal Election Decree in 1059 and the Investature Controversy, the Popes wanted the local clergy to decide on the appointment of bishops. Southern told readers that even a Pope as powerful as Pope Innocent III (1198-1216)preferred local selection. While Popes could intervene if no decision could be reached, they preferred not to impose what Southern called "The Royal Road." While the bishoporics existed prior to the monastic orders and friars, the latter groups were also crucial to the Catholic Church and the Latin West. The dominant orders included the Benedictines started by St. Benedict (480-544) whose Benedictine Rule was the standard until c. 1050. The work of the monastic orders re learning can never be underestimated especially since they wrote and hand copied books including the Bible long before the invention of the printing press. Their influnce was such that a Beneditine was made Pope-Pope Gregory I (590-604). Other orders such as the Cistertians and Augustinians later developed separate from the Benedictines. The best known of the Cistertians was St. Bernard of Clairvaux (1090-1153)whose rhetoric and conservative views were a check on unbridled enthusiams. The friars were orders of men and women who left the cloister to appeal to the masses. St. Dominic (1170-1221) started the Order of Preachers or Dominicans as a learned society of men and woman to combat heresy. The Friars Minor (the Franciscans) were started by St. Francis of Assissi (1182-1226),and these men and woman started as an order to help the poorest of the poor. Southern could have mentioned that St. Francis helped those even God ignored. The Dominicans and Franciscans became dominant teachers in Catholic universities and revived interest in Ancient Greek thought. These men and women also made signficant contributions re science and mathematics. A major reason for the creation of the friars was the gradual increase of urbanization. As Southern reminded readers, without towns, there would have been no friars. Without universities, the friars would never have been great. By the middle of the 14th. century (the 1300s), the Scholastic achievements faded because of the trivial debates. This led to a revival of Catholic mysticism such as Thomas a Kempis' (1380-1471)who wrote IMITATION OF CHRIST and later St. Ignatius Loyola's (1491-1556) SPIRITUAL EXERCISES. As Southern warned did such mysticism lead to false piety? Southern did an effective job re Medieval Catholic Church History. He could have emphasized the work of some of the giant intellects such as St. Albertus Magnus (1193-1280) and St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274). Southern's treatment of Canon Law was later enhanced by Berman's book titled LAW AND REVOLUTION. Students of Church History will benefit from Southern's book. It is clear, and complexities are carefully explained. The list of Popes at the end of the book can help readers to keep track of the "players." James E. Egolf November 5, 2013
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Reviewed in the United States on November 6, 2013
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Thomas J. Burns
Grantham, US
★★★★★ 5
From the Bones of Peter
Format: Paperback
A brief forward to this work is in order. R.W. Southern stands among England's finest historical scholars of the twentieth century and was knighted by the Queen in 1975. The publisher, Penguin, has worked to bring the best of the humanities to an inquisitive public for almost a century. Southern's medieval survey is thus an eminently readable text buttressed by a profound grasp of both trends and minutiae. Our work at hand is one of seven independent works in Penguin's history of the Church series. Southern's contribution was first published in 1970 and updated in 1990. Historians are bringing more interdisciplinary tools to the study of medieval history, from climate to demographics to agriculture. Southern is the product of an earlier and more basic methodology, where the nexus of Church and Society stood as the interpretive key to an understanding of the times. I first read "Western Society and the Church" shortly after its original release in 1970. Reading it again in 2014 impressed upon me how compatible Southern's comprehensive overview stands with what we now know in greater detail about mystical movements, cold winters, trade, exploration, and plague, among other factors. Despite the wide sweep of his narrative, Southern's conclusions are drawn from meticulous examination of records, with useful numerical charts interspersed from time to time. Southern treats of the years 800-1500 CE and the provenance of the Roman Catholic Church in that era. The title's phrasing of "Western Society and the Church" is a pregnant one. The organism of the Church and western society as a whole shared a common cosmology or world vision. Medieval man did indeed understand himself to be living in a "Middle Age" between the time of Christ's first and second coming. However, Southern's overview provides many instances where the major organs of the Church and western society were hardly of one mind, either. Not surprisingly Southern devotes considerable attention to the changing Petrine ministry, which in 800 was not enjoying its finest hour. Besieged by Islam and other foreign peoples, belittled by Eastern Christianity from Constantinople, and its own house in disarray, Rome somehow maintained a religious and psychological hold in the popular mind. As reliquary of the bones of Peter, Rome and its successive bishops never entirely lost hold of mystery and supremacy in the early dark medieval era. In popular thought at the time, the pope was a living vicar of Peter. "Though men came to Rome in the first place to visit the (bones of the) Apostle, they prostrated themselves before the pope." (95) What would maintain Church order through dark times, Southern implies, was an inner sense among men of the times that God's order (and wrath) was mediated by the Church. Fractiousness between clergy and laity was common, but fear of damnation trumped all. Only the most cynical of men would knowingly dismiss hell fire And thus the Vicar of Peter became the Vicar of Christ. It did not hurt the cause that shrewd popes buttressed their positions with questionable emphases upon more ancient secular entitlements dating to the times of the Constantinian/Christian empire of the West. The heritage of Charlemagne and the forgery of the "Donation of Constantine" played their parts, but the permanent breech with the East may have been a deciding factor as well. Pontiffs such as Gregory VII came to understand their office as specific, detailed, and immediate. To speak anachronistically, popes became managers of a far flung bureaucracy of order and sanctification in what was now a Western European Roman Catholic venture. By 1100 there was plenty for popes to do. The relationship between pastoral appointments (bishops and abbots, for example) and the attendant financial compensation became quite complex. The papal office became official arbiter over disputes between various parties, to the degree that the majority of high medieval popes were drawn from the legal profession. Southern describes a medieval Church of prelates, scribes and lawyers crisscrossing Western Europe in the name of the Pope with portfolios of litigation and judgment. It does not miss the author’s attention that the papacy was also the greatest broker of spiritual reward and punishment, specifically its powers of excommunication and redemption, the latter becoming a major target of reformers at the end of the era. Southern contends that religious orders extended major spiritual and practical influence throughout the Middle Ages. In 800 the Benedictine Order, whose legacy would include spiritual efficacy, scholarship, good order, and physical enhancement of the environment, was at its apex. Southern proceeds to outline in some detail how the inevitable decline of fervor in a predominant order of the day would inspire the development of a new order to address developing contemporary concerns. As successors of the Benedictines, Southern identifies the Augustinians, the first medieval religious movement to embrace a generic rule derived directly from the Gospels as well as rigorous and moderate variants of daily life style. The next was the Cistercians, who sought to return to the letter and spirit of St. Benedict's rule. Their quest for purity and escape from the world led them to flee to the outer edges of Western Europe and consequently to develop these lands, a major social contribution. Southern sees the Franciscan and Dominican moments of the thirteenth century respectively as the Cistercian and Augustinian reforms for this later era of European society. Southern's penultimate chapters is devoted to what he called he called the fringe orders; today we would think of these in part as the Beguines and the multitude of spontaneous mystical and devotional movements associated with the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. His final chapter, "A Confusion of Tongues," continues his account of spiritual diversification leading to early Protestant thought and practice. The tenor of this book is what one would expect of the relaxed scholar/gentleman unfolding his description of this age with a profound but understandable style. He shares a lifetime of scholarship in an inviting way to those entering the Middle Ages for the first time.
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Reviewed in the United States on March 9, 2014
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jdee28
Port Orchard, US
★★★★★ 5
Excellent treatment of a narrow subject: how society shaped the church
Format: Paperback
This book is not a comprehensive overview of the church from 700-1500, nor is it a narrative treatment or an introduction. This book is highly selective, focusing on one central theme. Its strengths are in its organization and in the examples it gives to illustrate its theme. These examples are concrete, vivid and use quotations from original documents to excellent effect. The theme of the book is how society shaped the church. Southern examines the main institutions of the church -- the papacy, bishops, religious orders and fringe orders -- and shows how the needs and interests of society molded each. Perhaps having written on 1000-1200 in other books, for me, the strongest insights Southern makes here are on the periods 750-1000 and 1200-1500. Insights that particularly struck me: the importance of magic from 750-1000; the evolution of bishops, from supporting local rulers to supporting the pope; the importance of the Augustinian canons in the twelfth century, seeing them as one end of a pole, with the Cistercians on the other end and the Benedictines in the middle; the role of Franciscans and Dominicans in supporting scholars in the thirteenth century; and the fringe orders -- the book has one of the best treatments of the Brethren of the Common Life from the fourteenth century that I have come across. The book is highly selective. There is no treatment in this book on intellectual life (the "new learning") or artistic life, nor is there much on the heresies of the period or popular religion (the "new piety"). What the book does select to treat, it does so in a deep, highly readable, substantial way. One will definitely come away with how the demands of society molded the church. Highly recommended!!
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Reviewed in the United States on February 24, 2021

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